The deformation of potash rock is strongly time dependent. Meanwhile other meetings and conferences have been held on related subjects, such as. It was resolutely aimed at giving practical information to geologists, engineering geologists and engineers. Various studies of rock mechanics aspects of potash excavation design were. They get used by plants that then release potassium into their crops. Purchase petroleum related rock mechanics, volume 53 2nd edition. Rock mechanics an introduction for the practical engineer parts i, ii and iii first published in mining magazineapril, june and july 1966 evert hoek this paper is the text of three lectures delivered by the author at the imperial college of.
Potash developments in thailand potash deposit potash projects status in thailand asean potash mining company apmc product competitive advantage table of content. The pda is an independent technical organisation providing advice and information to improve understanding and the correct use of potash. The paper describes a rock mechanics investigation into the design of narrow high extraction pillars in a deep potash mine and the problems associated with such pillars. Most of the tools and techniques available to the mining and rock mechanics engineer are based on the experiences of practitioners in hard rock mining. Knowledge of physics, mechanics, and hydraulics applied to study the behavior of soils.
One of the worlds largest deposits, 140 to 150 million tons, is located in the. Pdf this paper describes key geotechnical issues in the design and. Potassium salts in the form of nitrates, sulfates and chlorides are the forms of potash used in fertilizer. Srk consulting finland oy, rovaniemi, finland srk welcomes you to a workshop about rock mechanics in the mining industry. According to the strength characteristics, such as rock type, shale content, rock structure, surface characteristics and other mechanical characteristics associated with plastic deformation, soft rock can be divided into four categories, namely expansive soft rock also called lowintensity soft rock, highstress soft rock, jointed soft rock and combined soft rock, as shown in table 1. To collect and classify soils and their physical properties on the basis of fundamental knowledge of soil mechanics. Potash and plants learn about potash in soil and potash. Unfortunately, it is difficult to measure or predict the release of less readily available k whilst all the pools are shown separately in the diagram on the previous page, in the living soil there are no sharp divisions and the entire system is dynamic with potassium becoming more. The majority of the underground excavations at saskatchewan potash mines are. Map of western canada showing the potash rich zones in the prairie evaporite formation. Estimated total requirement of k for african countries, based on di. Beginning in the 14th century potash was mined in ethiopia. Pdf shaft sinking and lining design for a deep potash shaft. Rock mechanics with beng and msc in mining engineering.
Purchase applied salt rock mechanics 1 1st edition. Potash especially potassium carbonate has been used in bleaching textiles, making glass, and making soap, since about ad 500. Although rock mechanics addresses many of the rock mechanics issues which arise in underground mining engineering, it is not a text exclusively for mining applications. The development of rock engineering rocscience inc. The strength of the rocanville potash specimens ranged between 15 and 18 mpa. Latest progress of soft rock mechanics and engineering in. These mines produce potash from the upper patience lake potash member known as the azone of the prairie evaporite formation, where continuous boring machines are used to cut the potash out of the flatlying host rock.
The purpose of the geotechnical work is to investigate the soil. How geoscientists are making potash mines safer cseg recorder. Mulch is great to help retain soil moisture, reduce weeds, and as it breaks down it provides nutrients to the soil. Petroleum related rock mechanics, volume 53 2nd edition. Problems involving rock mechanics have attracted the interest of scientists and engineers \lith diverse backgrounds, and previous rock mechanics symposia in canada have involved geologists, physicists, mining and civil engineers and others. The compound, potassium chloride kcl, is a dominating force in the world potash market. Unpublished phd thesis, department of civil engineering, university of manitoba. The three parts are separated by the yield point 18 mpa and the crack initiation point 10 mpa.
The names caustic potash, potassa, and lye are frequently used for potassium hydroxide see potassium. The esterhazy member sylvinite is considered the best potash interval in the world in terms of mineralogy with very low insolubles and favorable rock mechanics which allows wide mining rooms with minimum ground control. I graduated with a degree in geology from the university of saskatchewan in 1985. Lectures on rock mechanicslectures on rock mechanics. It consists of five categories of topics on the science and practice of rock engineering. Potash is an umbrella term that covers all the bases when looking at potassiumbearing minerals.
Rock mechanics symposium 29 june2 july 1997 columbia university, new york, usa. Data logged underground are transmitted to the surface for analysis 2d and 3d numerical modeling of the displacement and stress distribution around mine openings in viscoelastic rock. I am a member of the association of professional engineers and geoscientists of saskatchewan with. Routine soil analysis measures the potassium in the soil solution plus the exchangeable k. While a good starting point, these experiences often do not account for the unusual physical properties of soft rock that lead to adopting a.
Rock mechanics analyses and tests have been carried out to assess the feasibility of underground long room and pillar mining of potash in sergipe, brazil. The individual members of both patterns are tensile extension fractures that propagate parallel with the maximum principal stress trajectory perpendicular to the minimum principal stress. In fertilizer terminology, potassium oxide is called potash. Rock mechanics technology joins golder associates mining. Because successful designs start with good ground, soil, and rock data, understanding rock mechanics in response to the force fields of their environment is important. Underground rock mechanics ensuring a safe environment and profitable mining we have the knowledge and experience to work on a range of studies from scoping to feasibility and operational improvement across all major resource types, for underground operations and for operational support. Selection of construction materials selection and layout.
Developments in stiff ground support in deep potash. Potash is americas first industrial chemical, patented in 1790, and remains an essential product today. Mechanical and physical properties of salt and the general behavior of salt pillars are. Potash is a potassiumrich salt that is mined from underground deposits formed from evaporated sea beds millions of years ago. There are two types of fracture patterns in the yield pillars of the potash mines of saskatchewan. Map of western canada showing the potash rich zones in. The design criteria for an underground potash mine are established on the basis of rock mechanics principles and measurements taken at the cleveland potash limited boulby mine in. Environmental and ground engineering consultancy golder associates uk has acquired 100% share equity of rock mechanics technology rmt. Shaft sinking and lining design for a deep potash shaft in squeezing ground. As a global leader in rock mechanics, respecs engineering team is a combined force of integrated backgrounds in geosciences.
En echelon crackarrays in potash salt rock springerlink. Response of rocks to applied loads earth materials rocks soils fluids. Structural mapping and the prediction of engineering. This raises the question whether there is a need for a special issue on mining rock mechanics and rock engineering and if so what are the differences to rock mechanics and rock engineering in civil underground construction.
Rock mechanics an introduction for the practical engineer. Technology in the potash industry rock mechanics mine monitoring and modeling rock mechanics monitoring station. Pdf shaft sinking and lining design for a deep potash shaft in. Harrison book covers the basic rock mechanics principles, how to study the interactions between these principles and a discussion on the fundamentals of excavation and support and the application of these in the design of surface and underground structures. We have the knowledge and experience to work on a range of studies from scoping to feasibility and operational improvement across all major resource types. Jul 31, 2008 environmental and ground engineering consultancy golder associates uk has acquired 100% share equity of rock mechanics technology rmt. These minerals are found in large evaporate deposits from ancient lake and sea beds or in rock. Introduction high extraction mining of potash using narrow panels consisting of a number of roadways separated by small pillars which are allowed to yield has been. Rock mechanics in mining kalliomekaniikka kaivosteollisuudessa, johdanto parhaisiin kansainvalisiin kaytantoihin workshop date. Potash was principally obtained by leaching the ashes of land and sea plants. In conventional rock engineering, the design and analyses of roofs for an underground opening in. For phosphate and potash these also represent the aims of nonorganic farmers. Potassium is an essential element for all plant, animal and human life.
The first edition of rock mechanics and engineering bridged the gap between scientific research on rock mechanics and practical engineering. Rocanville potash creep test results lajtai and duncan, 1998. The creep of potash salt rocks from saskatchewan springerlink. Deformation of underground salt, trona and potash mines is generally time. What is the bearing capacity of rock on surface an at depths. Nutrients from manures are taken into account when deciding fertiliser use.
Proceedings of the 7th canadian rock mechanics symposium. There is evidence for the existence of all three stages of creep. Rock mechanics problems how will rock react when put to mens use. The difference between the two patterns lies in the arrangement of the member fractures. Parameters considered were, the three governing materials steel, grout, and rock with two interfaces bolt grout and grout rocks. Catastrophic failures of underground evaporite mines cdc. Potash in soil is the seventh most common element in nature and is widely available. The term potash refers to a group of potassium k bearing minerals and chemicals. Hardy aai presently, there is great interest in exploring for, and developing, potash deposits around the world. Rock mechanics scope of rock mechanics civil engineering mining engineering petroleum engineering geology geophysics scope of rock mechanics studies of rock deformation at high temperatures and pressures structural geology evaluation of geological hazards landslides, seismic etc. Potash is made of potassium, which is an essential part of the human diet. February 23, 2018 disclaimer this report was prepared as a technical report by terra modelling services, inc. What is the modulus of elasticity of rock and how to get it. Pdf shaft sinking and lining design for a deep potash.
To develop rational soil sampling devices and soil sampling methods. Respecs team delivers expertise in rock mechanics to determine the shear. Introduction to soil mechanics geotechnical engineering. This interest has created record levels of interest in potash deposits within the elk point basin. One of the worlds largest deposits, 140 to 150 million tons, is located in the tigrays dallol area. How geoscientists are making potash mines safer cseg. Performance of pillars in rock salt mines uwspace university of. Potash, various potassium compounds, chiefly crude potassium carbonate. Rock mechanics studies of proposed underground mining of. It is stored in soil and harvested as salt deposits. Special attention was given to the influence of a thick layer of tachyhydrite camg2c16 l2h20 immediately below the potash.
Lectures on rock mechanicslectures on rock mechanics sarvesh chandrasarvesh chandra professor dt tfciilei idepartment of civil engineering indian institute of technology kanpur kanpur, 208016 india email. Try compost, bark, wood chips, straw, or pine needles. Economic success in underground soft rock mining rock. The expression, salt media, as used in this paper, refers to general rock salt including halite, potash salt and carnallite. Design of high extraction panels in a deep potash mine. Which studies theoretically and practically soils for building of structures over it.
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